How To Repair A Fujitsu Plasma Tv

Type of flat panel display

A plasma display console (PDP) is a type of apartment panel display that uses pocket-size cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electrical fields. Plasma televisions were the first large (over 32 inches diagonal) flat console displays to be released to the public.

Until near 2007, plasma displays were commonly used in large televisions (30 inches (76 cm) and larger). By 2022, they had lost most all market share due to competition from low-cost LCDs and more expensive but high-contrast OLED flat-panel displays. Manufacturing of plasma displays for the Us retail market ended in 2022,^{[ane] [ii]} and manufacturing for the Chinese market concluded in 2022.^{[iii] [four]} Plasma displays are obsolete, having been superseded in nearly if not all aspects by OLED displays.^[v]

General characteristics [edit]

Plasma displays are bright (1,000 lux or college for the display module), accept a broad color gamut, and tin exist produced in fairly large sizes—upwards to three.8 metres (150 in) diagonally. They had a very low luminance "dark-room" black level compared with the lighter grey of the unilluminated parts of an LCD screen. (Equally plasma panels are locally lit and do non require a back low-cal, blacks are blacker on plasma and grayer on LCD's.)^[half-dozen] LED-backlit LCD televisions have been developed to reduce this distinction. The display panel itself is well-nigh 6 cm (2.4 in) thick, generally allowing the device's total thickness (including electronics) to be less than 10 cm (3.9 in). Power consumption varies profoundly with motion picture content, with brilliant scenes drawing significantly more than power than darker ones – this is also true for CRTs besides as modernistic LCDs where LED backlight brightness is adjusted dynamically. The plasma that illuminates the screen can achieve a temperature of at least 1200 °C (2200 °F). Typical ability consumption is 400 watts for a 127 cm (l in) screen. About screens are set to "brilliant" way by default in the factory (which maximizes the brightness and raises the dissimilarity so the image on the screen looks good under the extremely bright lights that are common in big box stores), which draws at least twice the power (around 500–700 watts) of a "home" setting of less farthermost brightness.^[vii] The lifetime of the latest generation of plasma displays is estimated at 100,000 hours (xi years) of actual display fourth dimension, or 27 years at ten hours per day. This is the estimated fourth dimension over which maximum picture effulgence degrades to half the original value.^[8]

Plasma screens are made out of glass, which may result in glare on the screen from nearby low-cal sources. Plasma display panels cannot be economically manufactured in screen sizes smaller than 82 centimetres (32 in).^{[nine] [10]} Although a few companies have been able to make plasma enhanced-definition televisions (EDTV) this small, even fewer have made 32 inch plasma HDTVs. With the trend toward large-screen telly applied science, the 32 inch screen size is apace disappearing. Though considered bulky and thick compared with their LCD counterparts, some sets such as Panasonic's Z1 and Samsung'south B860 serial are as slim as ii.v cm (1 in) thick making them comparable to LCDs in this respect.

Competing display technologies include cathode ray tube (CRT), organic low-cal-emitting diode (OLED), CRT projectors, AMLCD, Digital Light Processing DLP, SED-television set, LED brandish, field emission display (FED), and quantum dot brandish (QLED).

Plasma display advantages and disadvantages [edit]

Advantages [edit]

• Capable of producing deeper blacks than LCD allowing for a superior dissimilarity ratio.^{[eleven] [12] [13]}
• As they use the same or similar phosphors equally are used in CRT displays, plasma'south color reproduction is very like to that of CRTs.
• Wider viewing angles than those of LCD; images do non endure from degradation at less than straight alee angles like LCDs. LCDs using IPS applied science have the widest angles, but they do not equal the range of plasma primarily due to "IPS glow", a mostly whitish haze that appears due to the nature of the IPS pixel design.^{[11] [12]}
• Less visible motility blur, thanks in large office to very high refresh rates and a faster response time, contributing to superior performance when displaying content with pregnant amounts of rapid motility such as auto racing, hockey, baseball game, etc.^{[11] [12] [14] [15]}
• Superior uniformity. LCD console backlights nearly always produce uneven effulgence levels, although this is not always noticeable. High-finish figurer monitors take technologies to try to recoup for the uniformity problem.^{[xvi] [17]}
• Unaffected by clouding from the polishing procedure. Some LCD panel types, like IPS, crave a polishing process that can introduce a haze ordinarily referred to every bit "clouding".^[18]
• In their heyday, they were less expensive for the buyer per square inch than LCD, particularly when considering equivalent functioning.^[19]

Disadvantages [edit]

• Earlier generation displays were more susceptible to screen burn down-in and image retention. Recent models accept a pixel orbiter that moves the entire picture show slower than is noticeable to the man eye, which reduces the effect of burn-in but does not prevent it.^[20]
• Due to the bistable nature of the colour and intensity generating method, some people will notice that plasma displays have a shimmering or flickering effect with a number of hues, intensities and dither patterns.
• Earlier generation displays (circa 2006 and prior) had phosphors that lost luminosity over time, resulting in gradual decline of absolute image brightness. Newer models take advertised lifespans exceeding 100,000 hours (xi years), far longer than older CRTs.^{[8] [13]}
• Uses more electrical ability, on average, than an LCD TV using a LED backlight. Older CCFL backlights for LCD panels used quite a chip more power, and older plasma TVs used quite a bit more power than recent models.^{[21] [22]}
• Does not work as well at high altitudes above 6,500 feet (2,000 meters)^[23] due to pressure level differential betwixt the gases inside the screen and the air pressure at distance. It may cause a buzzing dissonance. Manufacturers rate their screens to indicate the distance parameters.^[23]
• For those who wish to listen to AM radio, or are amateur radio operators (hams) or shortwave listeners (SWL), the radio frequency interference (RFI) from these devices tin be irritating or disabling.^[24]
• Plasma displays are generally heavier than LCD and may crave more careful treatment, such as being kept upright.
• More than susceptible to glare

Native plasma television resolutions [edit]

Fixed-pixel displays such as plasma TVs scale the video epitome of each incoming point to the native resolution of the display panel. The most common native resolutions for plasma display panels are 852×480 (EDTV), 1,366×768 and 1920×1080 (HDTV). As a result, moving picture quality varies depending on the performance of the video scaling processor and the upscaling and downscaling algorithms used by each brandish manufacturer.^{[25] [26]}

Enhanced-definition plasma boob tube [edit]

Early plasma televisions were enhanced-definition (ED) with a native resolution of 840×480 (discontinued) or 852×480 and down-scaled their incoming loftier-definition video signals to match their native brandish resolutions.^[27]

ED resolutions [edit]

The following ED resolutions were common prior to the introduction of Hard disk drive displays, but have long been phased out in favor of Hd displays, equally well as because the overall pixel count in ED displays is lower than the pixel count on SD PAL displays (852×480 vs 720×576, respectively).

• 840×480p
• 852×480p

High-definition plasma television [edit]

Early loftier-definition (HD) plasma displays had a resolution of 1024x1024 and were alternate lighting of surfaces (ALiS) panels made past Fujitsu and Hitachi.^{[28] [29]} These were interlaced displays, with non-square pixels.^[30]

Modern HDTV plasma televisions usually have a resolution of one,024×768 found on many 42 inch plasma screens, 1280×768 and 1,366×768 establish on fifty in, lx in, and 65 in plasma screens, or 1920×1080 found on plasma screen sizes from 42 inch to 103 inch. These displays are usually progressive displays, with non-square pixels, and will up-scale and de-interlace their incoming standard-definition signals to match their native display resolutions. 1024×768 resolution requires that 720p content exist downscaled in one management and upscaled in the other.^{[31] [32]}

Pattern [edit]

Ionized gases such as the ones shown here are bars to millions of tiny individual compartments across the face of a plasma display, to collectively form a visual image.

Limerick of plasma brandish panel

A panel of a plasma display typically comprises millions of tiny compartments in between two panels of drinking glass. These compartments, or "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of noble gases and a minuscule amount of some other gas (e.chiliad., mercury vapor). Merely as in the fluorescent lamps over an part desk, when a loftier voltage is applied beyond the prison cell, the gas in the cells forms a plasma. With flow of electricity (electrons), some of the electrons strike mercury particles equally the electrons move through the plasma, momentarily increasing the energy level of the atom until the excess energy is shed. Mercury sheds the energy equally ultraviolet (UV) photons. The UV photons then strike phosphor that is painted on the inside of the cell. When the UV photon strikes a phosphor molecule, information technology momentarily raises the energy level of an outer orbit electron in the phosphor molecule, moving the electron from a stable to an unstable state; the electron then sheds the excess energy as a photon at a lower energy level than UV calorie-free; the lower free energy photons are mostly in the infrared range but near xl% are in the visible light range. Thus the input energy is converted to mostly infrared but also every bit visible calorie-free. The screen heats up to between 30 and 41 °C (86 and 106 °F) during performance. Depending on the phosphors used, dissimilar colors of visible light tin can be achieved. Each pixel in a plasma display is made upwardly of three cells comprising the primary colors of visible light. Varying the voltage of the signals to the cells thus allows different perceived colors.

The long electrodes are stripes of electrically conducting textile that besides lies between the drinking glass plates in front of and backside the cells. The "address electrodes" sit behind the cells, forth the rear glass plate, and can be opaque. The transparent display electrodes are mounted in forepart of the cell, along the front glass plate. As can be seen in the illustration, the electrodes are covered by an insulating protective layer.^[33] A magnesium oxide layer may be nowadays to protect the dielectric layer and to emit secondary electrons.^{[34] [35]}

Control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a jail cell, creating a voltage difference betwixt front and back. Some of the atoms in the gas of a jail cell then lose electrons and become ionized, which creates an electrically conducting plasma of atoms, free electrons, and ions. The collisions of the flowing electrons in the plasma with the inert gas atoms leads to lite emission; such lite-emitting plasmas are known every bit glow discharges.^{[36] [37] [38]}

Relative spectral power of red, green and blue phosphors of a mutual plasma display. The units of spectral power are simply raw sensor values (with a linear response at specific wavelengths).

In a monochrome plasma panel, the gas is by and large neon, and the colour is the characteristic orange of a neon-filled lamp (or sign). Once a glow belch has been initiated in a cell, it can be maintained by applying a depression-level voltage between all the horizontal and vertical electrodes–even later the ionizing voltage is removed. To erase a cell all voltage is removed from a pair of electrodes. This type of panel has inherent memory. A small amount of nitrogen is added to the neon to increment hysteresis.^{[ citation needed ]} In colour panels, the back of each cell is coated with a phosphor. The ultraviolet photons emitted past the plasma excite these phosphors, which give off visible light with colors determined by the phosphor materials. This aspect is comparable to fluorescent lamps and to the neon signs that apply colored phosphors.

Every pixel is fabricated upwardly of 3 separate subpixel cells, each with dissimilar colored phosphors. One subpixel has a scarlet light phosphor, 1 subpixel has a green light phosphor and ane subpixel has a blue light phosphor. These colors blend together to create the overall color of the pixel, the same as a triad of a shadow mask CRT or color LCD. Plasma panels utilise pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control brightness: by varying the pulses of current flowing through the unlike cells thousands of times per second, the control system tin can increase or decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create billions of unlike combinations of ruddy, green and blueish. In this way, the control organisation can produce near of the visible colors. Plasma displays use the same phosphors as CRTs, which accounts for the extremely accurate color reproduction when viewing television or computer video images (which employ an RGB color system designed for CRT displays).

Plasma displays are different from liquid crystal displays (LCDs), another lightweight flat-screen display using very dissimilar technology. LCDs may utilize one or ii large fluorescent lamps as a backlight source, merely the different colors are controlled by LCD units, which in effect bear equally gates that allow or cake light through red, dark-green, or blue filters on the forepart of the LCD panel.^{[eleven] [39] [forty]}

To produce light, the cells need to exist driven at a relatively high voltage (~300 volts) and the pressure of the gases inside the prison cell needs to be low (~500 torr).^[41]

Contrast ratio [edit]

Contrast ratio is the difference between the brightest and darkest parts of an paradigm, measured in discrete steps, at any given moment. Mostly, the college the dissimilarity ratio, the more realistic the prototype is (though the "realism" of an paradigm depends on many factors including colour accuracy, luminance linearity, and spatial linearity). Contrast ratios for plasma displays are often advertised every bit loftier as 5,000,000:one.^[42] On the surface, this is a pregnant advantage of plasma over most other current display technologies, a notable exception existence organic light-emitting diode. Although there are no industry-wide guidelines for reporting contrast ratio, most manufacturers follow either the ANSI standard or perform a total-on-full-off examination. The ANSI standard uses a checkered test pattern whereby the darkest blacks and the lightest whites are simultaneously measured, yielding the well-nigh accurate "real-world" ratings. In contrast, a full-on-total-off examination measures the ratio using a pure black screen and a pure white screen, which gives college values but does not represent a typical viewing scenario. Some displays, using many different technologies, have some "leakage" of light, through either optical or electronic ways, from lit pixels to adjacent pixels so that night pixels that are about bright ones announced less dark than they do during a total-off display. Manufacturers can farther artificially improve the reported dissimilarity ratio by increasing the contrast and brightness settings to achieve the highest test values. However, a dissimilarity ratio generated by this method is misleading, as content would be substantially unwatchable at such settings.^{[43] [44] [45]}

Each cell on a plasma brandish must be precharged before information technology is lit, otherwise the prison cell would not respond chop-chop enough. Precharging normally increases power consumption, then energy recovery mechanisms may exist in place to avert an increase in power consumption.^{[46] [47] [48]} This precharging means the cells cannot attain a true black,^[49] whereas an LED backlit LCD panel can actually turn off parts of the backlight, in "spots" or "patches" (this technique, notwithstanding, does not foreclose the big accumulated passive light of next lamps, and the reflection media, from returning values from within the console). Some manufacturers have reduced the precharge and the associated groundwork glow, to the point where black levels on modern plasmas are starting to get close to some high-stop CRTs Sony and Mitsubishi produced ten years before the comparable plasma displays. Information technology is important to annotation that plasma displays were adult for 10 more than years than CRTs; it is nigh certain that if CRTs had been developed for as long every bit plasma displays were, the contrast on CRTs would accept been far better than contrast on the plasma displays. With an LCD, black pixels are generated past a light polarization method; many panels are unable to completely block the underlying backlight. More recent LCD panels using LED illumination can automatically reduce the backlighting on darker scenes, though this method cannot be used in loftier-dissimilarity scenes, leaving some light showing from black parts of an prototype with bright parts, such every bit (at the extreme) a solid black screen with 1 fine intense brilliant line. This is called a "halo" effect which has been minimized on newer LED-backlit LCDs with local dimming. Edgelit models cannot compete with this as the lite is reflected via a light guide to distribute the light behind the console.^{[eleven] [12] [xiii]}

Screen burn-in [edit]

An example of a plasma display that has suffered severe burn-in from static text

Epitome burn-in occurs on CRTs and plasma panels when the aforementioned movie is displayed for long periods. This causes the phosphors to overheat, losing some of their luminosity and producing a "shadow" image that is visible with the ability off. Burn-in is especially a problem on plasma panels because they run hotter than CRTs. Early plasma televisions were plagued by burn-in, making information technology impossible to utilise video games or anything else that displayed static images.

Plasma displays also exhibit another epitome retentivity issue which is sometimes confused with screen burn down-in damage. In this mode, when a group of pixels are run at high brightness (when displaying white, for example) for an extended catamenia, a charge build-upwardly in the pixel structure occurs and a ghost prototype can be seen. However, unlike burn-in, this accuse build-upwards is transient and self-corrects after the image condition that acquired the outcome has been removed and a long enough period has passed (with the display either off or on).

Plasma manufacturers accept tried diverse means of reducing burn-in such as using grayness pillarboxes, pixel orbiters and image washing routines, but none to date have eliminated the trouble and all plasma manufacturers continue to exclude burn-in from their warranties.^{[13] [50]}

Environmental impact [edit]

See likewise: Discontinuation in 2022s

Plasma screens use significantly more energy than CRT and LCD screens.^[51]

History [edit]

Early development [edit]

Plasma displays were first used in PLATO computer terminals. This PLATO V model illustrates the brandish's monochromatic orange glow seen in 1981.^[52]

Kálmán Tihanyi, a Hungarian engineer, described a proposed flat-panel plasma brandish organization in a 1936 paper.^[53]

The first applied plasma video display was co-invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by Donald Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and graduate educatee Robert Willson for the PLATO computer organization.^{[54] [55]} The original neon orange monochrome Digivue brandish panels built by glass producer Owens-Illinois were very pop in the early on 1970s because they were rugged and needed neither memory nor circuitry to refresh the images.^[56] A long period of sales pass up occurred in the late 1970s because semiconductor retentivity made CRT displays cheaper than the $2500 USD 512 × 512 PLATO plasma displays.^[57] However, the plasma displays' relatively large screen size and 1 inch thickness made them suitable for high-contour placement in lobbies and stock exchanges.

Burroughs Corporation, a maker of adding machines and computers, developed the Panaplex display in the early 1970s. The Panaplex display, generically referred to as a gas-discharge or gas-plasma display,^[58] uses the aforementioned technology equally later plasma video displays, only began life every bit a seven-segment display for use in adding machines. They became pop for their bright orange luminous look and establish well-nigh ubiquitous use throughout the belatedly 1970s and into the 1990s in cash registers, calculators, pinball machines, aircraft avionics such as radios, navigational instruments, and stormscopes; test equipment such as frequency counters and multimeters; and generally annihilation that previously used nixie tube or numitron displays with a loftier digit-count. These displays were eventually replaced by LEDs because of their low current-depict and module-flexibility, just are still found in some applications where their loftier effulgence is desired, such as pinball machines and avionics.

1980s [edit]

In 1983, IBM introduced a 19-inch (48 cm) orange-on-black monochrome brandish (model 3290 'data panel') which was able to show up to four simultaneous IBM 3270 terminal sessions. Past the end of the decade, orange monochrome plasma displays were used in a number of high-end AC-powered portable computers, such as the Compaq Portable 386 (1987) and the IBM P75 (1990). Plasma displays had a improve contrast ratio, viewability angle, and less movement blur than the LCDs that were bachelor at the time, and were used until the introduction of active-matrix color LCD displays in 1992.^[59]

Due to heavy competition from monochrome LCDs used in laptops of the era and the high costs of plasma display engineering science, in 1987 IBM planned to shut downwardly its factory in upstate New York, the largest plasma plant in the world, in favor of manufacturing mainframe computers, which would have left development to Japanese companies.^[threescore] Dr. Larry F. Weber, a Academy of Illinois ECE PhD (in plasma display research) and staff scientist working at CERL (habitation of the PLATO System) co-founded a startup company Plasmaco with Stephen Globus, every bit well as James Kehoe, who was the IBM establish director, and bought the plant from IBM for Usa$fifty,000. Weber stayed in Urbana as CTO until 1990, then moved to upstate New York to work at Plasmaco.

1990s [edit]

In 1992, Fujitsu introduced the globe's commencement 21-inch (53 cm) full-color display. It was based on technology created at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and NHK Science & Engineering science Research Laboratories.

In 1994, Weber demonstrated a color plasma brandish at an industry convention in San Jose. Panasonic Corporation began a articulation development project with Plasmaco, which led in 1996 to the buy of Plasmaco, its color AC technology, and its American factory for US$26 million.

In 1995, Fujitsu introduced the first 42-inch (107 cm) plasma display console;^{[61] [62]} information technology had 852×480 resolution and was progressively scanned.^[63] Ii years later, Philips introduced the outset large commercially available flat-panel Boob tube, using the Fujitsu panels. It was available at four Sears locations in the Us for $fourteen,999, including in-home installation. Pioneer as well began selling plasma televisions that yr, and other manufacturers followed. By the year 2000 prices had dropped to $10,000.

2000s [edit]

In the year 2000, the first lx-inch plasma display was developed by Plasmaco. Panasonic was also reported to have developed a process to make plasma displays using ordinary window drinking glass instead of the much more expensive "loftier strain indicate" drinking glass.^[64] High strain point glass is made similarly to conventional float glass, but it is more than heat resistant, deforming at higher temperatures. High strain indicate drinking glass is normally necessary because plasma displays accept to be baked during manufacture to dry the rare-earth phosphors subsequently they are practical to the display. However, high strain betoken glass may be less scratch resistant.^{[65] [66] [67] [68]}

Average plasma displays take become one quarter the thickness from 2006 to 2022

In late 2006, analysts noted that LCDs had overtaken plasmas, especially in the twoscore-inch (100 cm) and above segment where plasma had previously gained market share.^[69] Some other industry trend was the consolidation of plasma display manufacturers, with effectually 50 brands available but only v manufacturers. In the first quarter of 2008, a comparing of worldwide Tv sales broke down to 22.1 one thousand thousand for direct-view CRT, 21.1 million for LCD, 2.eight million for plasma, and 0.one million for rear projection.^[lxx]

Until the early 2000s, plasma displays were the most popular choice for HDTV flat console brandish as they had many benefits over LCDs. Beyond plasma's deeper blacks, increased dissimilarity, faster response time, greater color spectrum, and wider viewing bending; they were also much bigger than LCDs, and it was believed that LCDs were suited only to smaller sized televisions. Withal, improvements in VLSI fabrication narrowed the technological gap. The increased size, lower weight, falling prices, and often lower electric power consumption of LCDs made them competitive with plasma idiot box sets.

Screen sizes have increased since the introduction of plasma displays. The largest plasma video display in the globe at the 2008 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, was a 150-inch (380 cm) unit manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial (Panasonic) standing 6 ft (180 cm) tall past 11 ft (330 cm) broad.^{[71] [72]}

2010s [edit]

At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Prove in Las Vegas, Panasonic introduced their 152" 2160p 3D plasma. In 2022, Panasonic shipped 19.1 1000000 plasma Television set panels.^[73]

In 2022, the shipments of plasma TVs reached 18.2 meg units globally.^[74] Since that fourth dimension, shipments of plasma TVs have declined substantially. This reject has been attributed to the contest from liquid crystal (LCD) televisions, whose prices have fallen more than rapidly than those of the plasma TVs.^[75] In tardily 2022, Panasonic appear that they would stop producing plasma TVs from March 2022 onwards.^[76] In 2022, LG and Samsung discontinued plasma TV product also,^{[77] [78]} effectively killing the technology, probably because of lowering demand.

Notable brandish manufacturers [edit]

Most accept discontinued doing so, merely at one time or another all of these companies have produced products containing plasma displays:

• Beko (known sometimes as Grundig)
• Fujitsu (merely produced panels^[79])
• Funai
• Gradiente
• Chunghwa Picture Tubes (only produced panels ^[80])
• Formosa plastics (but produced panels^[81])
• Hitachi (produced panels^[82])
• JVC
• Lanix
• LG (produced panels^[83])
• Magnavox
• Marantz
• NEC (simply produced panels^[79])
• Orion
• Panasonic Viera (produced panels^{[i] [2] [84] [85]})
• Philips
• Pioneer (produced panels^[86])
• ProScan
• Protron
• Samsung (produced panels^[87])
• Sanyo
• Sony BRAVIA (produced panels^[79])
• Toshiba (produced panels^[88])
• Vestel (both under Vestel proper noun but also nether various brands)

Panasonic was the biggest plasma display manufacturer until 2022, when information technology decided to discontinue plasma production. In the following months, Samsung and LG too ceased production of plasma sets. Panasonic, Samsung and LG were the last plasma manufacturers for the U.S. retail market.

See also [edit]

• Display examples
• Large-screen boob tube technology

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External links [edit]

• Plasma display panels: The colorful history of an Illinois applied science' ' by Jamie Hutchinson, Electrical and Computer Engineering Alumni News, Winter 2002–2003 (via archive.org)
• NYTimes.com – Forget L.C.D.; Go for Plasma, Says Maker of Both according to Panasonic Corporation
• Home Theater Geeks – 13: Plasma Geek Out (audio podcast)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display

Posted by: reuterwroke1951.blogspot.com

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